Introduction to the Linux For Beginners

Linux For Beginners

Eng. Md. Kabir Hosen

Linux History: 

Every latest operating systems have their roots in 1969 when Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson developed the C language and the Unix operating system at AT&T Bell Labs. They shared their source code (yes, there was open source back in the Seventies) with the rest of the world, including the hippies in Berkeley California. By 1975, when AT&T started selling Unix commercially, about half of the source code was written by others. The hippies were not happy that a commercial company sold software that they had written; the resulting (legal) battle ended in there being two versions of Unix in the Seventies : the official AT&T Unix, and the free BSD Unix.

In the Eighties many companies started developing their own Unix: IBM created AIX, Sun SunOS (later Solaris), HP HP-UX and about a dozen other companies did the same. The result was a mess of Unix dialects and a dozen different ways to do the same thing. And here is the first real root of Linux, when Richard Stallman aimed to end this era of Unix separation and everybody re-inventing the wheel by starting the GNU project (GNU is Not Unix). His goal was to make an operating system that was freely available to everyone, and where everyone could work together (like in the Seventies). Many of the command line tools that you use today on Linux or Solaris are GNU tools.

The Nineties started with Linus Torvalds, a Swedish speaking Finnish student, buying a 386 computer and writing a brand new POSIX compliant kernel. He put the source code online, thinking it would never support anything but 386 hardware. Many people embraced the combination of this kernel with the GNU tools, and the rest, as they say, is history. Today more than 90 percent of supercomputers (including the complete top 10), more than half of all Smartphone’s, many millions of desktop computers, around 70 percent of all web servers, a large chunk of tablet computers, and several appliances (dvd-players, washing machines, dsl modems, routers, ...) run Linux. It is by far the most commonly used operating system in the world.

Linux kernel version 3.2 was released in January 2012. Its source code grew by almost two hundred thousand lines (compared to version 3.1) thanks to contributions of over 4000 developers paid by about 200 commercial companies including Red Hat, Intel, Broadcom, Texas Instruments, IBM, Novell, Qualcomm, Samsung, Nokia, Oracle, Google and even Microsoft.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds

http://kernel.org

http://lwn.net/Articles/472852/

http://www.linuxfoundation.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

http://www.levenez.com/unix/ (a huge Unix history poster)